End-to-end techniques to create PM (performance measurement) thresholds at NFV (network function virtualization) infrastructure

ABSTRACT

End-to-end techniques for creating PM (Performance Measurement) thresholds at a NFVI (Network Function Virtualization Infrastructure) are discussed. In various aspects, techniques are discussed for: creating PM jobs at the NFVI based on a request from a NM (Network Manager), creating thresholds to monitor PM data collected in connection with PM jobs based on a request from the NM, subscribing the NM to TC (threshold crossing) notifications based on a request from the NM, and reporting TC notifications to the NM.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a National Phase entry application of InternationalPatent Application No. PCT/US2017/021488 filed Mar. 9, 2017, whichclaims priority to U.S. Provisional Application 62/352,449 filed on Jun.20, 2016, entitled “AN END-TO-END METHOD TO CREATE A PM THRESHOLD AT NFVINFRASTRUCTURE” in the name of Joey Chou et al. and is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates to core network technology of acommunication network, and more specifically to techniques foroperations associated with thresholds in connection with virtual networkfunctions (VNFs).

BACKGROUND

Network Function Virtualization (NFV) involves the replacement ofphysical network nodes with Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) implementedvia Virtualization Resources (VRs) that perform the same function as thephysical node.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating components of a network in accordancewith some embodiments.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating components, according to someexample embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readableor computer-readable medium (e.g., a machine-readable storage medium)and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of an architecture that facilitates VR(Virtualization Resource) PM (Performance Measurement) thresholdcreation and/or TC (Threshold Crossing) notification according tovarious aspects described herein.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a system employable by a Network Manager(NM) that facilitates threshold creation and associated operations inconnection with a VNF (Virtual Network Function) related VR PM,according to various aspects described herein.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a system employable by an Element Manager(EM) that facilitates threshold creation and associated operations inconnection with a VNF related VR PM, according to various aspectsdescribed herein.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a system employable by a Virtual NetworkFunction Manager (VNFM) that facilitates threshold creation andassociated operations in connection with a VNF related VR PM, accordingto various aspects described herein.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a system employable by a VirtualizedInfrastructure Manager (VIM) that facilitates threshold creation andassociated operations in connection with a VNF related VR PM, accordingto various aspects described herein.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a system employable by a Network FunctionVirtualization Infrastructure (NFVI) that facilitates threshold creationand associated operations in connection with a VNF related VR PM,according to various aspects described herein.

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram of a method that facilitates a threshold beingcreated to monitor VR performance measurements and a notification beinggenerated when the threshold crossing or performance alarm is detected,according to various aspects described herein.

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram of a method that facilitates thresholdcreation and associated operations by a NM according to various aspectsdescribed herein.

FIG. 11 is a flow diagram of a method that facilitates thresholdcreation and associated operations by an EM according to various aspectsdescribed herein.

FIG. 12 is a flow diagram of a method that facilitates thresholdcreation and associated operations by a VNFM according to variousaspects described herein.

FIG. 13 is a flow diagram of a method that facilitates thresholdcreation and associated operations by a VIM according to various aspectsdescribed herein.

FIG. 14 is a flow diagram of a method that facilitates thresholdcreation and associated operations by a NFVI according to variousaspects described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure will now be described with reference to theattached drawing figures, wherein like reference numerals are used torefer to like elements throughout, and wherein the illustratedstructures and devices are not necessarily drawn to scale. As utilizedherein, terms “component,” “system,” “interface,” and the like areintended to refer to a computer-related entity, hardware, software(e.g., in execution), and/or firmware. For example, a component can be aprocessor (e.g., a microprocessor, a controller, or other processingdevice), a process running on a processor, a controller, an object, anexecutable, a program, a storage device, a computer, a tablet PC and/ora user equipment (e.g., mobile phone, etc.) with a processing device. Byway of illustration, an application running on a server and the servercan also be a component. One or more components can reside within aprocess, and a component can be localized on one computer and/ordistributed between two or more computers. A set of elements or a set ofother components can be described herein, in which the term “set” can beinterpreted as “one or more.”

Further, these components can execute from various computer readablestorage media having various data structures stored thereon such as witha module, for example. The components can communicate via local and/orremote processes such as in accordance with a signal having one or moredata packets (e.g., data from one component interacting with anothercomponent in a local system, distributed system, and/or across anetwork, such as, the Internet, a local area network, a wide areanetwork, or similar network with other systems via the signal).

As another example, a component can be an apparatus with specificfunctionality provided by mechanical parts operated by electric orelectronic circuitry, in which the electric or electronic circuitry canbe operated by a software application or a firmware application executedby one or more processors. The one or more processors can be internal orexternal to the apparatus and can execute at least a part of thesoftware or firmware application. As yet another example, a componentcan be an apparatus that provides specific functionality throughelectronic components without mechanical parts; the electroniccomponents can include one or more processors therein to executesoftware and/or firmware that confer(s), at least in part, thefunctionality of the electronic components.

Use of the word exemplary is intended to present concepts in a concretefashion. As used in this application, the term “or” is intended to meanan inclusive “or” rather than an exclusive “or”. That is, unlessspecified otherwise, or clear from context, “X employs A or B” isintended to mean any of the natural inclusive permutations. That is, ifX employs A; X employs B; or X employs both A and B, then “X employs Aor B” is satisfied under any of the foregoing instances. In addition,the articles “a” and “an” as used in this application and the appendedclaims should generally be construed to mean “one or more” unlessspecified otherwise or clear from context to be directed to a singularform. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “including”, “includes”,“having”, “has”, “with”, or variants thereof are used in either thedetailed description and the claims, such terms are intended to beinclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising.”

As used herein, the term “circuitry” may refer to, be part of, orinclude an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), an electroniccircuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group), and/or memory(shared, dedicated, or group) that execute one or more software orfirmware programs, a combinational logic circuit, and/or other suitablehardware components that provide the described functionality. In someembodiments, the circuitry may be implemented in, or functionsassociated with the circuitry may be implemented by, one or moresoftware or firmware modules. In some embodiments, circuitry may includelogic, at least partially operable in hardware.

Embodiments described herein may be implemented into a system using anysuitably configured hardware and/or software. FIG. 1 illustratescomponents of a network in accordance with some embodiments. In variousaspects, part(s) or all of one or more of the components illustrated inconnection with FIG. 1 can be implemented as virtual network functions(VNFs) in connection with various aspects described herein. An EvolvedPacket Core (EPC) network 100 is shown to include a Home SubscriberServer (HSS) 110, a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 120, a ServingGateWay (SGW) 130, a Packet Data Network (PDN) GateWay (PGW) 140, aPolicy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF) 150.

The HSS 110 comprises one or more databases for network users, includingsubscription-related information to support the network entities'handling of communication sessions. For example, the HSS 110 may providesupport for routing/roaming, authentication, authorization,naming/addressing resolution, location dependencies, etc. The EPCnetwork 100 may comprise one or several HSSs 110, depending on thenumber of mobile subscribers, on the capacity of the equipment, on theorganization of the network, etc.

The MME 120 is similar in function to the control plane of legacyServing General packet radio service (GPRS) Support Nodes (SGSN). TheMMEs 120 manage mobility aspects in access such as gateway selection andtracking area list management. The EPC network 100 may comprise one orseveral MMEs 120

The SGW 130 terminates the interface toward an Evolved UMTS (UniversalMobile Telecommunications System) Terrestrial Radio Access Network(E-UTRAN), and routes data packets between the E-UTRAN and the EPCnetwork 100. In addition, the SGW 130 may be a local mobility anchorpoint for inter-eNodeB handovers and also may provide an anchor forinter-3GPP mobility. Other responsibilities may include lawfulintercept, charging, and some policy enforcement.

The PGW 140 terminates an SGi interface toward the PDN. The PGW 140routes data packets between the EPC network 100 and external networks,and may be a node for policy enforcement and charging data collection.The PCRF 150 is the policy and charging control element of the EPCnetwork 100. In a non-roaming scenario, there may be a single PCRF inthe Home Public Land Mobile Network (HPLMN) associated with a UserEquipment's (UE) Internet Protocol Connectivity Access Network (IP-CAN)session. In a roaming scenario with local breakout of traffic, there maybe two PCRFs associated with a UE's IP-CAN session: a Home PCRF (H-PCRF)within a HPLMN and a Visited PCRF (V-PCRF) within a Visited Public LandMobile Network (VPLMN). The PCRF 150 may be communicatively coupled toan application server (alternatively referred to as application function(AF)). Generally, the application server is an element offeringapplications that use Internet Protocol (IP) bearer resources with thecore network (e.g., UMTS Packet Services (PS) domain, Long TermEvolution (LTE) PS data services, etc.). The application server maysignal the PCRF 150 to indicate a new service flow and selecting theappropriate Quality of Service (QoS) and charging parameters. The PCRF150 may provision this rule into a Policy and Charging EnforcementFunction (PCEF) (not shown) with the appropriate traffic flow template(TFT) and QoS class of identifier (QCI), which commences the QoS andcharging as specified by the application server.

The components of the EPC 100 may be implemented in one physical node orseparate physical nodes. In some embodiments, Network FunctionsVirtualization (NFV) is utilized to virtualize any or all of the abovedescribed network node functions via executable instructions stored inone or more computer readable storage mediums (described in furtherdetail below). A logical instantiation of the EPC network 100 may bereferred to as a network slice 101. A logical instantiation of a portionof the EPC network 100 may be referred to as a network sub-slice 102(e.g., the network sub-slice 102 is shown to include the PGW 140 and thePCRF 150).

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating components, according to someexample embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readableor computer-readable medium (e.g., a machine-readable storage medium)and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein.Specifically, FIG. 2 shows a diagrammatic representation of hardwareresources 200 including one or more processors (or processor cores) 210,one or more memory/storage devices 220, and one or more communicationresources 230, each of which are communicatively coupled via a bus 240.For embodiments where node virtualization (e.g., NFV) is utilized, ahypervisor 202 may be executed to provide an execution environment forone or more network slices/sub-slices to utilize the hardware resources200.

The processors 210 (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a reducedinstruction set computing (RISC) processor, a complex instruction setcomputing (CISC) processor, a graphics processing unit (GPU), a digitalsignal processor (DSP) such as a baseband processor, an applicationspecific integrated circuit (ASIC), a radio-frequency integrated circuit(RFIC), another processor, or any suitable combination thereof) mayinclude, for example, a processor 212 and a processor 214. Thememory/storage devices 220 may include main memory, disk storage, or anysuitable combination thereof.

The communication resources 230 may include interconnection and/ornetwork interface components or other suitable devices to communicatewith one or more peripheral devices 204 and/or one or more databases 206via a network 208. For example, the communication resources 230 mayinclude wired communication components (e.g., for coupling via aUniversal Serial Bus (USB)), cellular communication components, NearField Communication (NFC) components, Bluetooth® components (e.g.,Bluetooth® Low Energy), Wi-Fi® components, and other communicationcomponents.

Instructions 250 may comprise software, a program, an application, anapplet, an app, or other executable code for causing at least any of theprocessors 210 to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussedherein. The instructions 250 may reside, completely or partially, withinat least one of the processors 210 (e.g., within the processor's cachememory), the memory/storage devices 220, or any suitable combinationthereof. Furthermore, any portion of the instructions 250 may betransferred to the hardware resources 200 from any combination of theperipheral devices 204 and/or the databases 206. Accordingly, the memoryof processors 210, the memory/storage devices 220, the peripheraldevices 204, and the databases 206 are examples of computer-readable andmachine-readable media.

In various embodiments, techniques described herein can be employed tofacilitate end-to-end creation of threshold(s) in connection with a VNFrelated virtualization resource (VR) performance measurement (PM),and/or to generate a notification of a crossing of such a threshold.

To insure that the VNF(s) (virtual network function(s)) deployed on theNFV (network function virtualization) infrastructure (NFVI) are able todeliver a consistent and acceptable service quality to end users, aswell as to isolate and correct failure conditions in the most timelymanner, virtualized resource (VR) performance measurements (PMs) can beemployed. These performance measurements can reflect the way VNFs areimpacted by the NFVI services, and the inherent nature of the servicesbeing offered by the NFVI, for example, CPU (Central Processing Unit),Virtual Machines, memory, and Virtual Networks. Therefore, the NFVperformance measurements can be measured in VNF and NFVI.

However, to identify a possible issue from performance data,conventionally operators first collect performance data for days, weeks,or even months, and then sift through tons of data, which may be timeconsuming and costly due to the processing power involved. Even thoughthese conventional techniques can finally find a problem from the PMdata mining, it may be too late for mitigation, since the networktraffic fluctuates dynamically. In various aspects discussed herein,threshold(s) can be set on PM counter(s), which can allow operator(s) toreceive notification(s) when the counter crossed the threshold. As theresult, techniques discussed herein can reduce the amount of PM data tobe collected, and enable operator to act promptly when the PM countercrosses the threshold, which indicates an event or issue needsattention.

In various embodiments discussed herein, end-to-end techniques, coveringNM, EM, VNFM, VIM, and NFVI, can be employed to enable the NetworkManager (NM) to first set a threshold to monitor a PM counter at theCeilometer (or other data collection service) in the NFVI, and receive anotification when the counter has crossed the pre-defined threshold.

Referring to FIG. 3, illustrated is a diagram of an architecture thatfacilitates VR performance measurement threshold creation and/orthreshold crossing notification according to various aspects describedherein. In FIG. 3, an example virtual network function (VNF) performancemeasurement (PM) threshold creation flow (and optional subsequentnotification of threshold crossing) that can be employed in connectionwith various aspects described is illustrated, along with a thresholdcrossing notification flow. The system illustrated in FIG. 3 comprises aNetwork Manager (NM) 310, Network Function Virtualization (NFV)Orchestrator (NFVO) 320, network Element Manager (EM) 330, a set ofVirtualized Network Functions (VNFs) 370 _(i) that are running onVirtualization Resources (VRs) of a NFV Infrastructure (NFVI) 350 (whichcan comprise a hypervisor 352 such as hypervisor 202, ceilometer (orother data collection service) 354, and hardware resources 356 such ashardware resources 200), a VNF Manager (VNFM) 340, and a VirtualizedInfrastructure Manager (VIM) 360. The solid lines between these entitiesindicate the various reference points that facilitate data exchangebetween these entities, the dashed and dotted lines indicates the flowof data associated with threshold creation, and the dashed linesindicate the flow of data associated with the notification of thresholdcrossing.

After a PM job has been created to collect VNF PM data related to aVirtualized Resource (VR), the NM can send a request to the EM to set athreshold for monitoring the PM data. Since the PM data to be monitoredis related to the VR, the EM can send a request to the VNFM to set thethreshold for monitoring the PM data. Then, the VNFM can send a requestto VIM to set the threshold for monitoring the PM data. The VIM then cancreate a threshold at the Ceilometer (or other data collection service)in the NFVI to monitor the VR PM data.

When the Ceilometer (or other data collection service) detects that thePM data counter has crossed the threshold, it can send a ThresholdCrossing (TC) notification to VIM. If the TC notification has beensubscribed, VIM then can send the TC notification to VNFM that canforward the TC notification to EM. EM can send the TC notification toNM.

In various aspects, techniques discussed herein can be employed inconnection with end-to-end threshold creation in connection with a VNFrelated VR PM job, and associated actions that can be performed by anNM, EM, VNFM, VIM, and/or NFVI in connection with such thresholdcreation.

Referring to FIG. 4, illustrated is a block diagram of a system 400employable by a Network Manager (NM) that facilitates threshold creationand associated operations in connection with a VNF related VR PM,according to various aspects described herein. System 400 can compriseone or more processors 410 (e.g., which can comprise one or more ofprocessor(s) 210, etc.), communication circuitry 420 (which canfacilitate communication of data via one or more reference points,networks, etc., and can comprise communication resource(s) 230, etc.),and memory 430 (which can comprise any of a variety of storage mediumsand can store instructions and/or data associated with at least one ofthe one or more processors 410 or communication circuitry 420, and cancomprise memory/storage device(s) 220 and/or cache memory ofprocessor(s) 410, etc.). In some aspects, the one or more processors410, the communication circuitry 420, and the memory 430 can be includedin a single device, while in other aspects, they can be included indifferent devices, such as part of a distributed architecture. Asdescribed in greater detail below, system 400 can be employed by a NM toperform one or more operations (e.g., those described herein inconnection with FIGS. 9 and 10) that can facilitate end-to-end creationof a threshold in connection with a VNF related VR PM.

Referring to FIG. 5, illustrated is a block diagram of a system 500employable by an Element Manager (EM) that facilitates thresholdcreation and associated operations in connection with a VNF related VRPM, according to various aspects described herein. System 500 cancomprise one or more processors 510 (e.g., which can comprise one ormore of processor(s) 210, etc.), communication circuitry 520 (which canfacilitate communication of data via one or more reference points,networks, etc., and can comprise communication resource(s) 230, etc.),and memory 530 (which can comprise any of a variety of storage mediumsand can store instructions and/or data associated with at least one ofthe one or more processors 510 or communication circuitry 520, and cancomprise memory/storage device(s) 220 and/or cache memory ofprocessor(s) 510, etc.). In some aspects, the one or more processors510, the communication circuitry 520, and the memory 530 can be includedin a single device, while in other aspects, they can be included indifferent devices, such as part of a distributed architecture. Asdescribed in greater detail below, system 500 can be employed by an EMto perform one or more operations (e.g., those described herein inconnection with FIGS. 9 and 11) that can facilitate end-to-end creationof a threshold in connection with a VNF related VR PM.

Referring to FIG. 6, illustrated is a block diagram of a system 600employable by a Virtual Network Function Manager (VNFM) that facilitatesthreshold creation and associated operations in connection with a VNFrelated VR PM, according to various aspects described herein. System 600can comprise one or more processors 610 (e.g., which can comprise one ormore of processor(s) 210, etc.), communication circuitry 620 (which canfacilitate communication of data via one or more reference points,networks, etc., and can comprise communication resource(s) 230, etc.),and memory 630 (which can comprise any of a variety of storage mediumsand can store instructions and/or data associated with at least one ofthe one or more processors 610 or communication circuitry 620, and cancomprise memory/storage device(s) 220 and/or cache memory ofprocessor(s) 610, etc.). In some aspects, the one or more processors610, the communication circuitry 620, and the memory 630 can be includedin a single device, while in other aspects, they can be included indifferent devices, such as part of a distributed architecture. Asdescribed in greater detail below, system 600 can be employed by a VNFMto perform one or more operations (e.g., those described herein inconnection with FIGS. 9 and 12) that can facilitate end-to-end creationof a threshold in connection with a VNF related VR PM.

Referring to FIG. 7, illustrated is a block diagram of a system 700employable by a Virtualized Infrastructure Manager (VIM) thatfacilitates threshold creation and associated operations in connectionwith a VNF related VR PM, according to various aspects described herein.System 700 can comprise one or more processors 710 (e.g., which cancomprise one or more of processor(s) 210, etc.), communication circuitry720 (which can facilitate communication of data via one or morereference points, networks, etc., and can comprise communicationresource(s) 230, etc.), and memory 730 (which can comprise any of avariety of storage mediums and can store instructions and/or dataassociated with at least one of the one or more processors 710 orcommunication circuitry 720, and can comprise memory/storage device(s)220 and/or cache memory of processor(s) 710, etc.). In some aspects, theone or more processors 710, the communication circuitry 720, and thememory 730 can be included in a single device, while in other aspects,they can be included in different devices, such as part of a distributedarchitecture. As described in greater detail below, system 700 can beemployed by a VIM to perform one or more operations (e.g., thosedescribed herein in connection with FIGS. 9 and 13) that can facilitateend-to-end creation of a threshold in connection with a VNF related VRPM.

Referring to FIG. 8, illustrated is a block diagram of a system 800employable by a Network Function Virtualization Infrastructure (NFVI)that facilitates threshold creation and associated operations inconnection with a VNF related VR PM, according to various aspectsdescribed herein. System 800 can comprise one or more processors 810(e.g., which can comprise one or more of processor(s) 210, etc.),communication circuitry 820 (which can facilitate communication of datavia one or more reference points, networks, etc., and can comprisecommunication resource(s) 230, etc.), and memory 830 (which can compriseany of a variety of storage mediums and can store instructions and/ordata associated with at least one of the one or more processors 810 orcommunication circuitry 820, and can comprise memory/storage device(s)220 and/or cache memory of processor(s) 810, etc.). In some aspects, theone or more processors 810, the communication circuitry 820, and thememory 830 can be included in a single device, while in other aspects,they can be included in different devices, such as part of a distributedarchitecture. As described in greater detail below, system 600 can beemployed by a NFVI to perform one or more operations (e.g., thosedescribed herein in connection with FIGS. 9 and 14) that can facilitateend-to-end creation of a threshold in connection with a VNF related VRPM.

Referring to FIG. 9, illustrated is a flow diagram showing an examplemethod that facilitates a threshold being created to monitor VRperformance measurements and a notification being generated when thethreshold crossing or performance alarm is detected, according tovarious aspects described herein. In various aspects, techniquesdescribed herein can be employed to perform threshold monitoringoperations (e.g., threshold creation, deletion, listing, etc.), and tonotify an NM and/or operator of such thresholds being crossed. The flowin FIG. 9 shows an example scenario involving creation and subsequenttriggering of a threshold. Acts 1-9 relate to creation of a VR PM joband associated data collection. Acts 10-17 relate to creation of athreshold to monitor the PM data. Acts 18-23 relate to subscribing to athreshold crossing notification. Acts 24-27 relate to reporting athreshold crossing associated with a subscription.

At 902, NM can send (e.g., via communication circuitry 420) a request(e.g., generated by processor(s) 410) to EM (e.g., via the Itf-Nreference point) to create a measurement job to collect the VNF relatedVR PM data. The job (e.g., as generated by processor(s) 410) can bedefined by parameters such as the following: (a) iOCName (informationobject class (IOC) name, which can specify one Managed Entity classname) and iOCInstanceList (IOC instance list, which can specify the listof DNs of ManagedEntity instances whose measurementType(s) are to becollected), which can be object identifiers that can identify the VNFand VM where the measurements are to be collected; (b)measurementCategoryList (measurement category list), which can includethe MeasuredAttribute (which can represent the name of themeasurementType of the related ManagedEntity instance whose value is tobe monitored and collected) and MeasurementTypeName (which can identifya name of one measurement type whose value is being collected andmonitored) IOCs that can define the type of measurement(s) to becollected (e.g., Mean CPU Usage, Peak Memory Usage, Number of Octets ofOutgoing IP Packets, Number of Outgoing IP Packets, etc.); (c)granularityPeriod (granularity period, which can specify the periodbetween two successive measurements or readings of a threshold value),which can define the granularity interval for the measurements; and (d)reportingPeriod (reporting period, which can specify the period betweentwo successive notifications, such as of a file being ready, or an errorin file preparation), which can define the reporting interval for themeasurements. The EM can receive this request via communicationcircuitry 520 and process this request via processor(s) 510.

At 904, the EM (e.g., via processor(s) 510) can use the iOCName andiOCInstanceList to identify the list of VNF instances where the PM jobis to be created, and can send (e.g., via communication circuitry 520) arequest (e.g., generated by processor(s) 510) with parameters such asthe following to the corresponding VNFM (e.g., via the Ve-Vnfm-emreference point) to create a PM job: (a) sourceSelector (sourceselector), which can identifies the VNF and VM where the measurementsare to be collected, and can be mapped from iOCName, iOCInstanceList;(b) performanceMetric: (performance metric), which can identify the typeof measurements to be collected (e.g., Mean CPU Usage, Peak MemoryUsage, Number of Octets of Outgoing IP Packets, Number of Outgoing IPPackets, etc.), and can be mapped from measurementCategoryList; (c)collectionPeriod (collection period), which can be mapped fromgranularityPeriod; and (d) reportingPeriod (reporting period), which canbe mapped from the reportingPeriod of the request sent from the NM. TheVNFM can receive this request via communication circuitry 620 andprocess this request via processor(s) 610.

At 906, the VNFM can send (e.g., via communication circuitry 620) arequest (e.g., generated by processor(s) 610) to the VIM (e.g., via theVi-Vnfm reference point) to create a PM job to collect the VRperformance measurements (e.g., a VNF related VR PM job). The VIM canreceive this request via communication circuitry 720 and process thisrequest via processor(s) 710.

At 908, VIM can send (e.g., via communication circuitry 720) one or moreconfiguration files (e.g., a pipeline.yaml Ceilometer configurationfile, for example, generated by processor(s) 710) to a data collectionservice (e.g., Ceilometer) in the NFVI (e.g., via the Nf-Vi referencepoint) to configure the collection of one or more PM measurements (e.g.,Mean CPU usage, etc.). The NFVI can receive the configuration file(s)via communication circuitry 820 and process the configuration file(s)via processor(s) 810 (e.g., by creating one or more VNF related VR PMjobs to collect the one or more PM measurements). The configurationfile(s) (e.g., pipeline.yaml) of the data collection service (e.g.,Ceilometer) can include configuration files for collecting mean and/orpeak CPU usage (e.g., Vcpu_util, etc.), memory usage (e.g., Mem_util,etc.), and/or incoming/outgoing IP traffic (e.g., Packet_util, etc.).The following is an example of a pipeline.yaml Ceilometer configurationfile for collecting the Mean CPU usage (e.g., Vcpu_util) that can beemployed in various aspects discussed herein:

--- Vcpu_util sources:  - name: cpu_source    interval: 30    meters:    - “cpu”    sinks:     - cpu_sink     - vcpu_sink  - name: vcpu_sink   transformers:     - name: “rate_of_change”       parameters:     target:       name: “vcpu_util”       unit: “%”       type: “gauge”      scale: “100.0 / (10**9 * (resource_metadata. vcpu_number or 1))”publishers:  - notifier://

At 910, the data collection service (e.g., Ceilometer) in the NFVI cansend (e.g., via communication circuitry 820) an acknowledgement (e.g.,generated by processor(s) 810) to the VIM (e.g., via the Nf-Vi referencepoint), which can indicate, for example, a start and/or completion ofconfiguration of the collection of one or more PM measurements (e.g., astart and/or completion of creation of the one or more VNF related VR PMjobs). The VIM can receive this acknowledgement via communicationcircuitry 720 and process this acknowledgement via processor(s) 710.

At 912, after the data collection service (e.g., Ceilometer)configuration file(s) (pipeline.yaml configuration file) has/have beensuccessfully loaded (e.g., into memory 830 by processor(s) 810), thedata collection service (e.g., Ceilometer) in the NFVI can collect(e.g., via processor(s) 810) VR PM data periodically at the intervaldefined in the PM job and save it (e.g., via processor(s) 810) in a datacollection service (e.g., Ceilometer) Database (e.g., stored in memory830).

At 914, the VIM can send (e.g., via communication circuitry 720) aresponse (e.g., generated by processor(s) 710) to the VNFM (e.g., viathe Vi-Vnfm reference point) with the PM job identifier (e.g., via apmJobId parameter that can identify the PM job (being created, deleted,etc.), etc.). The VNFM can receive this response via communicationcircuitry 620 and process this response via processor(s) 610.

At 916, the VNFM can send (e.g., via communication circuitry 620) aresponse (e.g., generated by processor(s) 610) to the EM (e.g., via theVe-Vnfm-em reference point) with the identifier of the PM job beingcreated. The EM can receive this response via communication circuitry520 and process this response via processor(s) 510.

At 918, the EM can send (e.g., via communication circuitry 520) aresponse (e.g., generated by processor(s) 510) to the NM (e.g., via theItf-N reference point) with a jobId (job identifier) that can be mappedfrom the pmJobId, along with a status (e.g., wherein status=‘Success’).The NM can receive this response via communication circuitry 420 andprocess this response via processor(s) 410.

At 920, the NM can send (e.g., via communication circuitry 420) arequest (e.g., generated by processor(s) 410) to the EM (e.g., via theItf-N reference point) to create one or more thresholds that can bedefined by parameters, such as iOCName (information object class (IOC)name), iOCInstanceList (IOC instance list), thresholdInfoList (thresholdinformation list, which can specify threshold(s) to specific type(s) ofperformance measurements (e.g., via one or more measurementTypes)),etc., to monitor VNF related VR performance measurements. The EM canreceive this request via communication circuitry 520 and process thisrequest via processor(s) 510.

At 922, the EM can send (e.g., via communication circuitry 520) arequest (e.g., generated by processor(s) 510) to VNFM (e.g., via theVe-Vnfm-em reference point) to create threshold(s) for monitoringmeasurement type(s), wherein the request can comprise parameters whichcan specify the measurement type(s) and threshold(s), such assourceSelector (source selector, which can define the resources forwhich performance information is requested to be collected),performanceMetric (performance metric, which can define the type ofperformance metric(s) for the specified resources), thresholdType(threshold type, which can define the type of threshold, such assingle/multi valued threshold, static/dynamic threshold, template basedthreshold, etc.), thresholdDetails (threshold details, which canindicate details of the threshold, such as value(s) to be crossed,direction in which it is crossed, and/or details on the notification tobe generated when crossed), to create the threshold(s) for monitoringthe measurement type(s) specified in the request (e.g., viasourceSelector, etc.). The VNFM can receive this request viacommunication circuitry 620 and process this request via processor(s)610.

At 924, the VNFM can send (e.g., via communication circuitry 620) arequest (e.g., generated by processor(s) 610) to the VIM (e.g. via theNf-Vi reference point) which can specify the measurement type(s) andthreshold(s) indicated in the request to create threshold(s) sent fromthe EM to VNFM (e.g., via parameters such as sourceSelector,performanceMetric, thresholdType, thresholdDetails, etc.) to create thethreshold(s) for monitoring the measurement type(s) specified in therequest (e.g., via sourceSelector, etc.). The VIM can receive thisrequest via communication circuitry 720 and process this request viaprocessor(s) 710.

At 926, the VIM can send (e.g., via communication circuitry 720, overthe Nf-Vi reference point) a command (e.g., a restAPI (RepresentationState Transfer Application Programming Interface) command such asdiscussed herein), which can be generated by processor(s) 710, to createthe alarm threshold at the data collection service (e.g., Ceilometer) ofthe NFVI (e.g., via processor(s) 810 implementing the command). The NFVIcan receive this command via communication circuitry 820 and processthis command via processor(s) 810. The following is an example restAPIcommand that can be employed in various aspects:

curl -g -i -X ‘POST’ ‘http://192.168.204.2:8777/v2/alarms’ -H‘User-Agent:    ceilometerclient.openstack.common.apiclient’ -H   ‘Content-Type: application/json’ H ‘X-Auth-Token:   {SHA1}2bc43bf285ee939f4678fdb3e31b080be9670722’ DEBUG (client) REQBODY: {“alarm_actions”: [“http://127.0.0.1: 8080/”], “name”:   “cpu_util_high”, “enabled”: true, “threshold_rule”:    {“meter_name”:“cpu_util”, “evaluation_periods”:    1, “period”: 60, “statistic”:“max”, “threshold”: 30.0,    “comparison_operator”: “gt”},“repeat_actions”: true,    “type”: “threshold”}

At 928, the data collection service (e.g., Ceilometer) in the NFVI cansend (e.g., via communication circuitry 820) an acknowledgement (e.g.,generated by processor(s) 810), which can indicate a start and/orcompletion of the command, to the VIM (e.g., via the Nf-Vi referencepoint). The VIM can receive this acknowledgement via communicationcircuitry 720 and process this acknowledgement via processor(s) 710.

At 930, the VIM can send (e.g., via communication circuitry 720) aresponse (e.g., generated by processor(s) 710) to VNFM (e.g., via theVi-Vnfm reference point) indicating (e.g., via thresholdId (thresholdidentifier, which can identify the created threshold(s)) parameter(s))the identifier(s) of the threshold(s) that have been created. The VNFMcan receive this response via communication circuitry 620 and processthis response via processor(s) 610.

At 932, the VNFM can send (e.g., via communication circuitry 620) aresponse (e.g., generated by processor(s) 610) to the EM (e.g., via theVe-Vnfm-em reference point) indicating (e.g., via thresholdIdparameter(s)) the identifier(s) of the threshold(s) that have beencreated. The EM can receive this response via communication circuitry520 and process this response via processor(s) 510.

At 934, the EM can send (e.g., via communication circuitry 520) aresponse (e.g., generated by processor(s) 510) to NM (e.g., via theItf-N reference point) identifying the threshold monitoring instance(s)were successfully created (e.g., via monitorId (monitor identifier)attribute(s), which can identify the monitored threshold instance(s),and a status (e.g., equal to ‘Success’) attribute for each threshold).The NM can receive this response via communication circuitry 420 andprocess this response via processor(s) 410.

At 936, the NM can send (e.g., via communication circuitry 420) arequest (e.g., generated by processor(s) 410) to the EM (e.g., via theItf-N reference point) to subscribe the TC (threshold crossing)notification. The EM can receive this request via communicationcircuitry 520 and process this request via processor(s) 510.

At 938, the EM can send (e.g., via communication circuitry 520) arequest (e.g., generated by processor(s) 510) with a filter parameter(e.g., an input filter that can be used for selecting notifications,such as on resource (such as VNF/VNFC (VNF Component)), type ofnotification, attribute of the notification, etc.) to VNFM (e.g., viathe Ve-Vnfm-em reference point) to subscribe to the TC notification. TheVNFM can receive this request via communication circuitry 620 andprocess this request via processor(s) 610.

At 940, the VNFM can send (e.g., via communication circuitry 620) arequest (e.g., generated by processor(s) 610) with a filter parameter tothe VIM (e.g., via the Vi-Vnfm reference point) to subscribe to the TCnotification. The VIM can receive this request via communicationcircuitry 720 and process this request via processor(s) 710, and cangenerate (e.g., via processor(s) 710) the indicated subscription to theTC notification.

At 942, the VIM can send (e.g., via communication circuitry 720) aresponse (e.g., generated by processor(s) 710) with a subscriptionId(subscription identifier, which can identify the subscription realized)parameter to the VNFM (e.g., via the Vi-Vnfm reference point) toindicate the TC notification subscription. The VNFM can receive thisresponse via communication circuitry 620 and process this response viaprocessor(s) 610.

At 944, the VNFM can send (e.g., via communication circuitry 620) aresponse (e.g., generated by processor(s) 610) with the subscriptionIdparameter to the EM (e.g., via the Ve-Vnfm-em reference point) toindicate the TC notification that has been subscribed. The EM canreceive this response via communication circuitry 520 and process thisresponse via processor(s) 510.

At 946, the EM can send (e.g., via communication circuitry 520) aresponse (e.g., generated by processor(s) 510) to the NM (e.g., via theItf-N reference point) to indicate that the TC notification has beensubscribed. The NM can receive this response via communication circuitry420 and process this response via processor(s) 410.

At 948, the data collection service (e.g., Ceilometer) at the NFVI candetect (e.g., via processor(s) 810) a threshold crossing and can report(e.g., via communication circuitry 820) the threshold alarm (e.g.,generated by processor(s) 810) to VIM (e.g., via the Nf-Vi referencepoint). The VIM can receive this reported threshold alarm viacommunication circuitry 720 and process this reported threshold alarmvia processor(s) 710.

At 950, the VIM can send (e.g., via communication circuitry 720) the TCnotification (e.g., generated by processor(s) 710) to the VNFM (e.g.,via the Vi-Vnfm reference point). The VNFM can receive this TCnotification via communication circuitry 620 and process this TCnotification via processor(s) 610.

At 952, the VNFM can send (e.g., via communication circuitry 620) the TCnotification (e.g., generated by processor(s) 610) to the EM (e.g., viathe Ve-Vnfm-em reference point). The EM can receive this TC notificationvia communication circuitry 520 and process this TC notification viaprocessor(s) 510.

At 954, the EM can send (e.g., via communication circuitry 520) the TCnotification (e.g., generated by processor(s) 510) to the NM (e.g., viathe Itf-N reference point). The NM can receive this TC notification viacommunication circuitry 420 and process this TC notification viaprocessor(s) 410.

Referring to FIG. 10, illustrated is a flow diagram of a method 1000that facilitates threshold creation and associated operations by a NMaccording to various aspects described herein. In some aspects, method1000 can be performed at a NM. In other aspects, a machine readablemedium can store instructions associated with method 1000 that, whenexecuted, can cause a NM to perform the acts of method 1000.

At 1002, a first request can be sent to an EM to create a VNF related VRPM job.

At 1004, a first response can be received from the EM indicating aresult of the first request to create the VNF related VR PM job.

At 1006, a second request can be sent to the EM to create one or morethresholds to monitor the VNF related VR PM data.

At 1008, a second response can be received from the EM indicating theresult of the second request to create the threshold(s).

At 1010, a third request can be sent to the EM to subscribe to one ormore threshold crossing notifications (e.g., one or more created at 1006and 1008 and/or one or more previously created, etc.).

At 1012, a third response can be received from the EM indicating theresult of the third request to subscribe to one or more thresholdcrossing notifications.

At 1014, a notification can be received from the EM indicating that oneor more thresholds have been crossed (e.g., one or more thresholdcrossings subscribed to at 1010 and 1012 and/or one or more previouslysubscribed threshold crossings, etc.).

Additionally or alternatively, method 1000 can include one or more otheracts described above in connection with system 400.

Referring to FIG. 11, illustrated is a flow diagram of a method 1100that facilitates threshold creation and associated operations by an EMaccording to various aspects described herein. In some aspects, method1100 can be performed at an EM. In other aspects, a machine readablemedium can store instructions associated with method 1100 that, whenexecuted, can cause an EM to perform the acts of method 1100.

At 1102, optionally, a first request can be received from a NM to createa VNF related VR PM job.

At 1104, optionally, a second request can be sent to a VNFM to createthe VNF related VR PM job.

At 1106, optionally, a first response can be received from the VNFMindicating a result of the second request to create the VNF related VRPM job.

At 1108, optionally, a second response can be sent to the NM indicatingthe result of the first request to create the VNF related VR PM job.

At 1110, a third request can be received from the NM to create one ormore thresholds to monitor PM data (e.g., associated with the VNFrelated VR PM job created at 1102-1108 and/or one or more other VNFrelated VR PM jobs, etc.).

At 1112, a fourth request can be sent to the VNFM to create thethreshold(s) to monitor the PM data.

At 1114, a third response can be received from the VNFM indicating aresult of the fourth request to create the threshold(s) to monitor thePM data.

At 1116, a fourth response can be sent to the NM indicating a result ofthe third request to create the threshold(s) to monitor the PM data.

At 1118, optionally, a fifth request can be received from the NM tosubscribe to one or more threshold crossing (TC) notifications (e.g.,associated with the threshold(s) created at 1110-1116 and/or one or moreother thresholds).

At 1120, optionally, a sixth request can be sent to the VNFM tosubscribe to the TC notification(s).

At 1122, optionally, a fifth response can be received from the VNFMindicating a result of the sixth request to subscribe.

At 1124, optionally, a sixth response can be sent to the NM indicating aresult of the fifth request to subscribe.

At 1126, optionally, one or more TC notifications associated withsubscribed TC(s) can be received from the VNFM.

At 1128, optionally, the TC notification(s) can be reported to the NM.

Additionally or alternatively, method 1100 can include one or more otheracts described above in connection with system 500.

Referring to FIG. 12, illustrated is a flow diagram of a method 1200that facilitates threshold creation and associated operations by a VNFMaccording to various aspects described herein. In some aspects, method1200 can be performed at a VNFM. In other aspects, a machine readablemedium can store instructions associated with method 1200 that, whenexecuted, can cause a VNFM to perform the acts of method 1200.

At 1202, optionally, a first request can be received from an EM tocreate a VNF related VR PM job.

At 1204, optionally, a second request can be sent to a VIM to create theVNF related VR PM job.

At 1206, optionally, a first response can be received from the VIMindicating a result of the second request to create the VNF related VRPM job.

At 1208, optionally, a second response can be sent to the EM indicatingthe result of the first request to create the VNF related VR PM job.

At 1210, a third request can be received from the EM to create one ormore thresholds to monitor PM data (e.g., associated with the VNFrelated VR PM job created at 1202-1208 and/or one or more other VNFrelated VR PM jobs, etc.).

At 1212, a fourth request can be sent to the VIM to create thethreshold(s) to monitor the PM data.

At 1214, a third response can be received from the VIM indicating aresult of the fourth request to create the threshold(s) to monitor thePM data.

At 1216, a fourth response can be sent to the EM indicating a result ofthe third request to create the threshold(s) to monitor the PM data.

At 1218, optionally, a fifth request can be received from the EM tosubscribe to one or more threshold crossing (TC) notifications (e.g.,associated with the threshold(s) created at 1210-1216 and/or one or moreother thresholds).

At 1220, optionally, a sixth request can be sent to the VIM to subscribeto the TC notification(s).

At 1222, optionally, a fifth response can be received from the VIMindicating a result of the sixth request to subscribe.

At 1224, optionally, a sixth response can be sent to the EM indicating aresult of the fifth request to subscribe.

At 1226, optionally, one or more TC notifications associated withsubscribed TC(s) can be received from the VIM.

At 1228, optionally, the TC notification(s) can be reported to the EM.

Additionally or alternatively, method 1200 can include one or more otheracts described above in connection with system 600.

Referring to FIG. 13, illustrated is a flow diagram of a method 1300that facilitates threshold creation and associated operations by a VIMaccording to various aspects described herein. In some aspects, method1300 can be performed at a VIM. In other aspects, a machine readablemedium can store instructions associated with method 1300 that, whenexecuted, can cause a VIM to perform the acts of method 1300.

At 1302, optionally, a first request can be received from a VNFM tocreate a VNF related VR PM job.

At 1304, optionally, a configuration file can be sent to a datacollection service (e.g., Ceilometer) in a NFVI to configure collectionof PM data.

At 1306, optionally, a first acknowledgement can be received from thedata collection service in the NFVI indicating creation of the VNFrelated VR PM job.

At 1308, optionally, a first response can be sent to the VNFM (e.g.,comprising a PM job identifier of the VNF related VR PM job) that canindicate creation of the VNF related VR PM job.

At 1310, a second request can be received from the VNFM to create one ormore thresholds to monitor PM data (e.g., PM data associated with theVNF related VR PM job created at 1302-1308 and/or one or more other VNFrelated VR PM jobs).

At 1312, a command can be sent to the data collection service (e.g.,Ceilometer) in the NFVI to create one or more alarm thresholds (e.g.,based on the threshold(s) of the second request).

At 1314, a second acknowledgement can be received from the datacollection service (e.g., Ceilometer) in the NFVI, indicating that thethreshold(s) have been set.

At 1316, a second response can be sent to the VNFM indicating a resultof the second request to create the threshold(s) to monitor PM data.

At 1318, optionally, a third request can be received from the VNFM tosubscribe to one or more TC notifications.

At 1320, optionally, an NM can be subscribed to the TC notification(s)indicated via the third request.

At 1322, optionally, a third response can be sent to the VNFM indicatinga result of the subscription to the TC notification(s).

At 1324, optionally, one or more threshold alarms can be received fromthe data collection service (e.g., Ceilometer) in the NFVI, indicatingthat one or more thresholds have been crossed.

At 1326, optionally, a notification of the threshold crossing(s)associated with the threshold alarm(s) can be sent to the VNFM.

Additionally or alternatively, method 1300 can include one or more otheracts described above in connection with system 700.

Referring to FIG. 14, illustrated is a flow diagram of a method 1400that facilitates threshold creation and associated operations by a NFVIaccording to various aspects described herein. In some aspects, method1400 can be performed at a NFVI. In other aspects, a machine readablemedium can store instructions associated with method 1400 that, whenexecuted, can cause a NFVI to perform the acts of method 1400.

At 1402, optionally, a configuration file can be received from a VIM toconfigure collection of PM data.

At 1404, optionally, collection of PM data can be configured (e.g., viacreation of a PM job) based on the received configuration file.

At 1406, optionally, a first acknowledgement can be sent to the VIMindicating creation of the PM job.

At 1408, optionally, PM data can be periodically collected and storedbased on the configured PM data collection (e.g., according to thecreated PM job).

At 1410, a command can be received from the VIM to create one or morealarm thresholds (e.g., in connection with the PM data collected per1402-1408 and/or other PM data).

At 1412, the one or more alarm thresholds associated with the PM datacan be created based on the received command.

At 1414, a second acknowledgement can be sent to the VIM, wherein thesecond acknowledgement can indicate that the threshold(s) have been set.

At 1416, optionally, one or more threshold crossings (TCs) can bedetected in connection with one or more set alarm thresholds (e.g.,alarm threshold(s) set per 1410-1414 and/or one or more other alarmthreshold(s)).

At 1418, optionally, one or more threshold alarms can be reported to theVIM indicating the detected TC(s).

Additionally or alternatively, method 1400 can include one or more otheracts described above in connection with system 800.

Example 1 is an apparatus configured to be employed within a VIM(Virtualized Infrastructure Manager), comprising: a memory; and one ormore processors configured to: receive a request from a VNFM (VNF(Virtual Network Function) Manager) to create one or more thresholds formonitoring one more measurement types associated with a VNF related VR(Virtualization Resource) PM (Performance Measurement) job; send acommand to a data collection service of a NFVI (Network FunctionVirtualization Infrastructure) to create one or more alarm thresholds atthe data collection service; receive an acknowledgement from the datacollection service; and send a response to the VNFM that indicates oneor more identifiers of the one or more thresholds, wherein the memory isconfigured to store the one or more identifiers.

Example 2 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 1, wherein the data collection service is a ceilometer.

Example 3 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 1, wherein the one or more measurement types are specifiedvia a sourceSelector parameter of the request, wherein thesourceSelector (source selector) parameter defines resources for whichperformance information is requested to be collected.

Example 4 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 3, wherein the request comprises one or more of: aperformanceMetric (performance metric) parameter that defines one ormore performance metrics types for the resources; a thresholdType(threshold type) parameter that defines an associated threshold type foreach of the one or more thresholds; or a thresholdDetails (thresholddetails) parameter that indicates one or more associated details foreach of the one or more thresholds, wherein the one or more associateddetails comprise one or more of a value to be crossed, a direction to becrossed, or one or more details associated with a notification to begenerated when that threshold is crossed.

Example 5 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 1-4, wherein the command is a restAPI (Representational StateTransfer Application Programming Interface) command.

Example 6 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 1-4, wherein the response comprises one or more thresholdId(threshold identifier) parameters that identify the one or morethresholds.

Example 7 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 1-4, wherein the one or more processors are furtherconfigured to: receive a second request from the VNFM to create the VNFrelated VR PM job; send one or more configuration files to the datacollection service in the NFVI to configure the collection of one ormore PM measurements; receive a second acknowledgement from the NFVI inresponse to the one or more configuration files; and send a secondresponse to the VNFM, wherein the second response comprises a pmJobId(PM job identifier) parameter that indicates a job identifier of the VNFrelated VR PM job.

Example 8 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 1-4, wherein the one or more processors are furtherconfigured to: receive a third request from the VNFM to subscribe to oneor more TCs (threshold crossings) based on the one or more thresholds;and send a third response to the VNFM that comprises a subscriptionId(subscription identifier) parameter that identifies one or moresubscriptions to the one or more TCs.

Example 9 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 1-4, wherein the one or more processors are furtherconfigured to: receive one or more reported threshold alarms from thedata collection service in the NFVI; and send one or more TC (thresholdcrossing) notifications to the VNFM based on the one or more reportedthreshold alarms.

Example 10 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 1-2, wherein the one or more measurement types are specifiedvia a sourceSelector parameter of the request, wherein thesourceSelector (source selector) parameter defines resources for whichperformance information is requested to be collected.

Example 11 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 10, wherein the request comprises one or more of: aperformanceMetric (performance metric) parameter that defines one ormore performance metrics types for the resources; a thresholdType(threshold type) parameter that defines an associated threshold type foreach of the one or more thresholds; or a thresholdDetails (thresholddetails) parameter that indicates one or more associated details foreach of the one or more thresholds, wherein the one or more associateddetails comprise one or more of a value to be crossed, a direction to becrossed, or one or more details associated with a notification to begenerated when that threshold is crossed.

Example 12 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 1-2 or 10-11, wherein the command is a restAPI(Representational State Transfer Application Programming Interface)command.

Example 13 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 1-2 or 10-12, wherein the response comprises one or morethresholdId (threshold identifier) parameters that identify the one ormore thresholds.

Example 14 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 1-2 or 10-13, wherein the one or more processors are furtherconfigured to: receive a second request from the VNFM to create the VNFrelated VR PM job; send one or more configuration files to the datacollection service in the NFVI to configure the collection of one ormore PM measurements; receive a second acknowledgement from the NFVI inresponse to the one or more configuration files; and send a secondresponse to the VNFM, wherein the second response comprises a pmJobId(PM job identifier) parameter that indicates a job identifier of the VNFrelated VR PM job.

Example 15 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 1-2 or 10-14, wherein the one or more processors are furtherconfigured to: receive a third request from the VNFM to subscribe to oneor more TCs (threshold crossings) based on the one or more thresholds;and send a third response to the VNFM that comprises a subscriptionId(subscription identifier) parameter that identifies one or moresubscriptions to the one or more TCs.

Example 16 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 1-2 or 10-15, wherein the one or more processors are furtherconfigured to: receive one or more reported threshold alarms from thedata collection service in the NFVI; and send one or more TC (thresholdcrossing) notifications to the VNFM based on the one or more reportedthreshold alarms.

Example 17 is an apparatus configured to be employed within a NFVI(Network Function Virtualization Infrastructure), comprising: a memory;and one or more processors configured to: receive a command at a datacollection service of the NFVI to create one or more alarm thresholds inconnection with a VNF (Virtual Network Function) related VR(Virtualization Resource) PM (Performance Measurement) job, wherein thecommand is received from a VIM (Virtualized Infrastructure Manager); andsend an acknowledgement to the VIM in response to the command, whereinthe memory is configured to store the command.

Example 18 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 17, wherein the data collection service is a ceilometer.

Example 19 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 17, wherein the command is a restAPI (Representational StateTransfer Application Programming Interface) command.

Example 20 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 17, wherein the one or more processors are further configuredto create the one or more alarm thresholds.

Example 21 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 17-20, wherein the one or more processors are furtherconfigured to: receive, from the VIM, one or more configuration filesfor configuring the collection of one or more PM measurements; load theone or more configuration files; send a second acknowledgement to theVIM in response to the one or more configuration files; periodicallycollect VR PM data based on an interval defined in the VNF related VR PMjob; and store the periodically collected VR PM data in a database ofthe data collection service.

Example 22 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 21, wherein the one or more configuration files comprise apipeline.yaml configuration file.

Example 23 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 17-20, wherein the one or more processors are furtherconfigured to: detect a TC (threshold crossing) associated with a firstthreshold alarm of the one or more threshold alarms; and send a reportof the TC associated with the first threshold alarm to the VIM.

Example 24 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 17-18, wherein the one or more processors are furtherconfigured to create the one or more alarm thresholds.

Example 25 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 17-18 or 24, wherein the one or more processors are furtherconfigured to: receive, from the VIM, one or more configuration filesfor configuring the collection of one or more PM measurements; load theone or more configuration files; send a second acknowledgement to theVIM in response to the one or more configuration files; periodicallycollect VR PM data based on an interval defined in the VNF related VR PMjob; and store the periodically collected VR PM data in a database ofthe data collection service.

Example 26 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 25, wherein the one or more configuration files comprise apipeline.yaml configuration file.

Example 27 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 17-18 or 24-26, wherein the one or more processors arefurther configured to: detect a TC (threshold crossing) associated witha first threshold alarm of the one or more threshold alarms; and send areport of the TC associated with the first threshold alarm to the VIM.

Example 28 is a machine readable medium comprising instructions that,when executed, cause a VIM (Virtualized Infrastructure Manager) to:receive a request from a VNFM (VNF (Virtual Network Function) Manager)to create a threshold to monitor a measurement type associated with aVNF related VR (Virtualization Resource) PM (Performance Measurement)job, wherein the request comprises a sourceSelector (source selector)parameter that defines resources for which performance information isrequested to be collected, a performanceMetric (performance metric)parameter that defines a performance metric type for the resources, athresholdType (threshold type) parameter that defines a type of thethreshold, and a thresholdDetails (threshold details) parameter thatindicates one or more details of the threshold; send a restAPI(Representational State Transfer Application Programming Interface)command to a ceilometer of a NFVI (Network Function VirtualizationInfrastructure) to create an alarm threshold at the ceilometer; receivean acknowledgement from the ceilometer of the NFVI; and send a responseto the VNFM comprising a thresholdId (threshold identifier) parameterthat indicates an identifier of the threshold.

Example 29 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 28, wherein the instructions, when executed, further causethe VIM to: receive a second request from the VNFM to create the PM job;send a configuration file to the ceilometer to configure the collectionof a PM measurement; receive a second acknowledgement from theceilometer; and send a second response to the VNFM comprising a pmJobId(PM job identifier) parameter that identifies the PM job.

Example 30 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 29, wherein the configuration file is a pipeline.yamlconfiguration file.

Example 31 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 29, wherein the PM measurement is one of: a mean CPU (CentralProcessing Unit) usage, a peak memory usage, a number of octets ofoutgoing IP (Internet Protocol) packets, or a number of outgoing IPpackets.

Example 32 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 28-31, wherein the instructions, when executed, further causethe VIM to: receive a third request from the VNFM to subscribe to a TC(threshold crossing) notification, wherein the third request comprises afilter parameter that selects the TC notification and indicates one ormore of a resource associated with the TC notification, a notificationtype of the TC notification, or one or more attributes of the TCnotification; and send a third response to the VNFM to indicate asubscription of the TCC notification, wherein the third responsecomprises a subscriptionId (subscription identifier) parameter thatidentifies the subscription.

Example 33 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 28-31, wherein the instructions, when executed, further causethe VIM to: receive a report of a threshold alarm from the ceilometer;and send a TC (threshold crossing) notification to the VNFM.

Example 34 is a machine readable medium comprising instructions that,when executed, cause a NFVI (Network Function VirtualizationInfrastructure) to: receive, from a VIM (Virtualized InfrastructureManager), a restAPI (Representational State Transfer ApplicationProgramming Interface) command at a ceilometer of the NFVI to create analarm threshold in connection with a VNF related VR (VirtualizationResource) PM (Performance Measurement) job; and send an acknowledgementfrom the ceilometer to the VIM.

Example 35 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 34, wherein the instructions, when executed, further causethe NFVI to: receive, from the VIM, a configuration file at theceilometer to configure the collection of a PM measurement; create theVNF related VR PM job; send a second acknowledgement to the VIM;periodically collect VR PM data at an interval defined in connectionwith the VNF related VR PM job; and save the periodically collected VRPM data in a database of the ceilometer.

Example 36 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 34-35, wherein the instructions, when executed, further causethe NFVI to: detect a threshold alarm; and report the threshold alarm tothe VIM.

Example 37 is a machine readable medium comprising instructions that,when executed, cause a Virtualized Infrastructure Manager (VIM) to:receive a request from a VNFM (VNF (Virtual Network Function) Manager)to create one or more thresholds for monitoring one more measurementtypes associated with a VNF related VR (Virtualization Resource) PM(Performance Measurement) job; send a command to a data collectionservice of a NFVI (Network Function Virtualization Infrastructure) tocreate one or more alarm thresholds at the data collection service;receive an acknowledgement from the data collection service; and send aresponse to the VNFM that indicates one or more identifiers of the oneor more thresholds.

Example 38 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 37, wherein the data collection service is a ceilometer.

Example 39 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 37, wherein the one or more measurement types are specifiedvia a sourceSelector parameter of the request, wherein thesourceSelector (source selector) parameter defines resources for whichperformance information is requested to be collected.

Example 40 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 39, wherein the request comprises one or more of: aperformanceMetric (performance metric) parameter that defines one ormore performance metrics types for the resources; a thresholdType(threshold type) parameter that defines an associated threshold type foreach of the one or more thresholds; or a thresholdDetails (thresholddetails) parameter that indicates one or more associated details foreach of the one or more thresholds, wherein the one or more associateddetails comprise one or more of a value to be crossed, a direction to becrossed, or one or more details associated with a notification to begenerated when that threshold is crossed.

Example 41 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 37-40, wherein the command is a restAPI (RepresentationalState Transfer Application Programming Interface) command.

Example 42 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 37-40, wherein the response comprises one or more thresholdId(threshold identifier) parameters that identify the one or morethresholds.

Example 43 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 37-40, wherein the instructions, when executed, further causethe VIM to: receive a second request from the VNFM to create the VNFrelated VR PM job; send one or more configuration files to the datacollection service in the NFVI to configure the collection of one ormore PM measurements; receive a second acknowledgement from the NFVI inresponse to the one or more configuration files; and send a secondresponse to the VNFM, wherein the second response comprises a pmJobId(PM job identifier) parameter that indicates a job identifier of the VNFrelated VR PM job.

Example 44 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 37-40, wherein the instructions, when executed, further causethe VIM to: receive a third request from the VNFM to subscribe to one ormore TCs (threshold crossings) based on the one or more thresholds; andsend a third response to the VNFM that comprises a subscriptionId(subscription identifier) parameter that identifies one or moresubscriptions to the one or more TCs.

Example 45 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 37-40, wherein the instructions, when executed, further causethe VIM to: receive one or more reported threshold alarms from the datacollection service in the NFVI; and send one or more TC (thresholdcrossing) notifications to the VNFM based on the one or more reportedthreshold alarms.

Example 46 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 37-38, wherein the one or more measurement types arespecified via a sourceSelector parameter of the request, wherein thesourceSelector (source selector) parameter defines resources for whichperformance information is requested to be collected.

Example 47 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 46, wherein the request comprises one or more of: aperformanceMetric (performance metric) parameter that defines one ormore performance metrics types for the resources; a thresholdType(threshold type) parameter that defines an associated threshold type foreach of the one or more thresholds; or a thresholdDetails (thresholddetails) parameter that indicates one or more associated details foreach of the one or more thresholds, wherein the one or more associateddetails comprise one or more of a value to be crossed, a direction to becrossed, or one or more details associated with a notification to begenerated when that threshold is crossed.

Example 48 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 37-38 or 46-47, wherein the command is a restAPI(Representational State Transfer Application Programming Interface)command.

Example 49 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 37-38 or 46-48, wherein the response comprises one or morethresholdId (threshold identifier) parameters that identify the one ormore thresholds.

Example 50 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 37-38 or 46-49, wherein the instructions, when executed,further cause the VIM to: receive a second request from the VNFM tocreate the VNF related VR PM job; send one or more configuration filesto the data collection service in the NFVI to configure the collectionof one or more PM measurements; receive a second acknowledgement fromthe NFVI in response to the one or more configuration files; and send asecond response to the VNFM, wherein the second response comprises apmJobId (PM job identifier) parameter that indicates a job identifier ofthe VNF related VR PM job.

Example 51 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 37-38 or 46-50, wherein the instructions, when executed,further cause the VIM to: receive a third request from the VNFM tosubscribe to one or more TCs (threshold crossings) based on the one ormore thresholds; and send a third response to the VNFM that comprises asubscriptionId (subscription identifier) parameter that identifies oneor more subscriptions to the one or more TCs.

Example 52 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 37-38 or 46-51, wherein the instructions, when executed,further cause the VIM to: receive one or more reported threshold alarmsfrom the data collection service in the NFVI; and send one or more TC(threshold crossing) notifications to the VNFM based on the one or morereported threshold alarms.

Example 53 is a machine readable medium comprising instructions that,when executed, cause a NFVI (Network Function VirtualizationInfrastructure) to: receive a command at a data collection service ofthe NFVI to create one or more alarm thresholds in connection with a VNF(Virtual Network Function) related VR (Virtualization Resource) PM(Performance Measurement) job, wherein the command is received from aVIM (Virtualized Infrastructure Manager); and send an acknowledgement tothe VIM in response to the command.

Example 54 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 53, wherein the data collection service is a ceilometer.

Example 55 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 53, wherein the command is a restAPI (Representational StateTransfer Application Programming Interface) command.

Example 56 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 53, wherein the one or more processors are further configuredto create the one or more alarm thresholds.

Example 57 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 53-56, wherein the instructions, when executed, further causethe NFVI to: receive, from the VIM, one or more configuration files forconfiguring the collection of one or more PM measurements; load the oneor more configuration files; send a second acknowledgement to the VIM inresponse to the one or more configuration files; periodically collect VRPM data based on an interval defined in the VNF related VR PM job; andstore the periodically collected VR PM data in a database of the datacollection service.

Example 58 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 57, wherein the one or more configuration files comprise apipeline.yaml configuration file.

Example 59 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 53-56, wherein the instructions, when executed, further causethe NFVI to: detect a TC (threshold crossing) associated with a firstthreshold alarm of the one or more threshold alarms; and send a reportof the TC associated with the first threshold alarm to the VIM.

Example 60 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 53-54, wherein the one or more processors are furtherconfigured to create the one or more alarm thresholds.

Example 61 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 53-54 or 60, wherein the instructions, when executed, furthercause the NFVI to: receive, from the VIM, one or more configurationfiles for configuring the collection of one or more PM measurements;load the one or more configuration files; send a second acknowledgementto the VIM in response to the one or more configuration files;periodically collect VR PM data based on an interval defined in the VNFrelated VR PM job; and store the periodically collected VR PM data in adatabase of the data collection service.

Example 62 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 61, wherein the one or more configuration files comprise apipeline.yaml configuration file.

Example 63 comprises the subject matter of any variation of any ofexample(s) 53-54 or 60-62, wherein the instructions, when executed,further cause the NFVI to: detect a TC (threshold crossing) associatedwith a first threshold alarm of the one or more threshold alarms; andsend a report of the TC associated with the first threshold alarm to theVIM.

The above description of illustrated embodiments of the subjectdisclosure, including what is described in the Abstract, is not intendedto be exhaustive or to limit the disclosed embodiments to the preciseforms disclosed. While specific embodiments and examples are describedherein for illustrative purposes, various modifications are possiblethat are considered within the scope of such embodiments and examples,as those skilled in the relevant art can recognize.

In this regard, while the disclosed subject matter has been described inconnection with various embodiments and corresponding Figures, whereapplicable, it is to be understood that other similar embodiments can beused or modifications and additions can be made to the describedembodiments for performing the same, similar, alternative, or substitutefunction of the disclosed subject matter without deviating therefrom.Therefore, the disclosed subject matter should not be limited to anysingle embodiment described herein, but rather should be construed inbreadth and scope in accordance with the appended claims below.

In particular regard to the various functions performed by the abovedescribed components or structures (assemblies, devices, circuits,systems, etc.), the terms (including a reference to a “means”) used todescribe such components are intended to correspond, unless otherwiseindicated, to any component or structure which performs the specifiedfunction of the described component (e.g., that is functionallyequivalent), even though not structurally equivalent to the disclosedstructure which performs the function in the herein illustratedexemplary implementations. In addition, while a particular feature mayhave been disclosed with respect to only one of several implementations,such feature may be combined with one or more other features of theother implementations as may be desired and advantageous for any givenor particular application.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus configured to be employed within aVIM (Virtualized Infrastructure Manager), comprising: a memory; and oneor more processors configured to: receive a request from a VNFM (VNF(Virtual Network Function) Manager) to create one or more thresholds formonitoring one more measurement types associated with a VNF related VR(Virtualization Resource) PM (Performance Measurement) job; send acommand to a data collection service of a NFVI (Network FunctionVirtualization Infrastructure) to create one or more alarm thresholds atthe data collection service; receive an acknowledgement from the datacollection service; and send a response to the VNFM that indicates oneor more identifiers of the one or more thresholds, wherein the memory isconfigured to store the one or more identifiers.
 2. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the data collection service is a ceilometer.
 3. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more measurement types arespecified via a sourceSelector parameter of the request, wherein thesourceSelector (source selector) parameter defines resources for whichperformance information is requested to be collected.
 4. The apparatusof claim 3, wherein the request comprises one or more of: a performanceMetric (performance metric) parameter that defines one or moreperformance metrics types for the resources; a thresholdType (thresholdtype) parameter that defines an associated threshold type for each ofthe one or more thresholds; or a thresholdDetails (threshold details)parameter that indicates one or more associated details for each of theone or more thresholds, wherein the one or more associated detailscomprise one or more of a value to be crossed, a direction to becrossed, or one or more details associated with a notification to begenerated when that threshold is crossed.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the command is a restAPI (Representational State TransferApplication Programming Interface) command.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the response comprises one or more thresholdId (thresholdidentifier) parameters that identify the one or more thresholds.
 7. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are furtherconfigured to: receive a second request from the VNFM to create the VNFrelated VR PM job; send one or more configuration files to the datacollection service in the NFVI to configure the collection of one ormore PM measurements; receive a second acknowledgement from the NFVI inresponse to the one or more configuration files; and send a secondresponse to the VNFM, wherein the second response comprises a pmJobId(PM job identifier) parameter that indicates a job identifier of the VNFrelated VR PM job.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or moreprocessors are further configured to: receive a third request from theVNFM to subscribe to one or more TCs (threshold crossings) based on theone or more thresholds; and send a third response to the VNFM thatcomprises a subscription Id (subscription identifier) parameter thatidentifies one or more subscriptions to the one or more TCs.
 9. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are furtherconfigured to: receive one or more reported threshold alarms from thedata collection service in the NFVI; and send one or more TC (thresholdcrossing) notifications to the VNFM based on the one or more reportedthreshold alarms.
 10. An apparatus configured to be employed within aNFVI (Network Function Virtualization Infrastructure), comprising: amemory; and one or more processors configured to: receive a command at adata collection service of the NFVI to create one or more alarmthresholds in connection with a VNF (Virtual Network Function) relatedVR (Virtualization Resource) PM (Performance Measurement) job, whereinthe command is received from a VIM (Virtualized Infrastructure Manager);and send an acknowledgement to the VIM in response to the command,wherein the memory is configured to store the command.
 11. The apparatusof claim 10, wherein the data collection service is a ceilometer. 12.The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the command is a restAPI(Representational State Transfer Application Programming Interface)command.
 13. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the one or moreprocessors are further configured to create the one or more alarmthresholds.
 14. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the one or moreprocessors are further configured to: receive, from the VIM, one or moreconfiguration files for configuring the collection of one or more PMmeasurements; load the one or more configuration files; send a secondacknowledgement to the VIM in response to the one or more configurationfiles; periodically collect VR PM data based on an interval defined inthe VNF related VR PM job; and store the periodically collected VR PMdata in a database of the data collection service.
 15. The apparatus ofclaim 14, wherein the one or more configuration files comprise apipeline.yaml configuration file.
 16. The apparatus of claim 10, whereinthe one or more processors are further configured to: detect a TC(threshold crossing) associated with a first threshold alarm of the oneor more threshold alarms; and send a report of the TC associated withthe first threshold alarm to the VIM.
 17. A non-transitory machinereadable medium comprising instructions that, when executed, cause a VIM(Virtualized Infrastructure Manager) to: receive a request from a VNFM(VNF (Virtual Network Function) Manager) to create a threshold tomonitor a measurement type associated with a VNF related VR(Virtualization Resource) PM (Performance Measurement) job, wherein therequest comprises a sourceSelector (source selector) parameter thatdefines resources for which performance information is requested to becollected, a performanceMetric (performance metric) parameter thatdefines a performance metric type for the resources, a thresholdType(threshold type) parameter that defines a type of the threshold, and athresholdDetails (threshold details) parameter that indicates one ormore details of the threshold; send a restAPI (Representational StateTransfer Application Programming Interface) command to a ceilometer of aNFVI (Network Function Virtualization Infrastructure) to create an alarmthreshold at the ceilometer; receive an acknowledgement from theceilometer of the NFVI; and send a response to the VNFM comprising athresholdId (threshold identifier) parameter that indicates anidentifier of the threshold.
 18. The non-transitory machine readablemedium of claim 17, wherein the instructions, when executed, furthercause the VIM to: receive a second request from the VNFM to create thePM job; send a configuration file to the ceilometer to configure thecollection of a PM measurement; receive a second acknowledgement fromthe ceilometer; and send a second response to the VNFM comprising apmJobId (PM job identifier) parameter that identifies the PM job. 19.The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 18, wherein theconfiguration file is a pipeline.yaml configuration file.
 20. Thenon-transitory machine readable medium of claim 18, wherein the PMmeasurement is one of: a mean CPU (Central Processing Unit) usage, apeak memory usage, a number of octets of outgoing IP (Internet Protocol)packets, or a number of outgoing IP packets.
 21. The non-transitorymachine readable medium of claim 17, wherein the instructions, whenexecuted, further cause the VIM to: receive a third request from theVNFM to subscribe to a TC (threshold crossing) notification, wherein thethird request comprises a filter parameter that selects the TCnotification and indicates one or more of a resource associated with theTC notification, a notification type of the TC notification, or one ormore attributes of the TC notification; and send a third response to theVNFM to indicate a subscription of the TCC notification, wherein thethird response comprises a subscriptionId (subscription identifier)parameter that identifies the subscription.
 22. The non-transitorymachine readable medium of claim 17, wherein the instructions, whenexecuted, further cause the VIM to: receive a report of a thresholdalarm from the ceilometer; and send a TC (threshold crossing)notification to the VNFM.
 23. A non-transitory machine readable mediumcomprising instructions that, when executed, cause a NFVI (NetworkFunction Virtualization Infrastructure) to: receive, from a VIM(Virtualized Infrastructure Manager), a restAPI (Representational StateTransfer Application Programming Interface) command at a ceilometer ofthe NFVI to create an alarm threshold in connection with a VNF relatedVR (Virtualization Resource) PM (Performance Measurement) job; and sendan acknowledgement from the ceilometer to the VIM.
 24. Thenon-transitory machine readable medium of claim 23, wherein theinstructions, when executed, further cause the NFVI to: receive, fromthe VIM, a configuration file at the ceilometer to configure thecollection of a PM measurement; create the VNF related VR PM job; send asecond acknowledgement to the VIM; periodically collect VR PM data at aninterval defined in connection with the VNF related VR PM job; and savethe periodically collected VR PM data in a database of the ceilometer.25. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 23, wherein theinstructions, when executed, further cause the NFVI to: detect athreshold alarm; and report the threshold alarm to the VIM.